LECTURES

   
2022 "Temporary changes by private construction in the public space in Ginot Hair in Jerusalem: public participation, examples, recommendations" Seminar for Urban Planners, Jerusalem (6/6/24)
2024 , , . : , , , - , , , . , (30/3/24)
   
2023 Wasted: If the wall could speak panel moderator The Architect Show 5, Athens, Greece (8/12/23)
   
2023 Sustainability builds Resilience panel moderator The Architect Show 5, Athens, Greece (8/12/23)
   
 
   
2023 Sustainable design and circular practices in design online lecture at Holon Institute of Technology (22/11/23) - view
   
2023 ECOWEEK (16/11/23)
   
2023 (9/11/23)
   
2023 . ( , 2023) , , , , , (1-10/10/23)
   
2023 Circular practices in design: The example of the restoration of the interior of the synagogue Kahal Shalom in Kos, Greece lecture at 2nd Hybrid Workshop in "Innovative Seismic Protection and Structural/Community Resilience"University of Thrace, Session moderator: Dr. Dimitra Tsirigoti (4/9/23) - lecture manuscript
   
2023 : , (13/8/23)
   
2023 Jewish Heritage in Greece: A Historical Journey to Today: Restoring Jewish Heritage online lecture for Roundtable by the 92Y in New York, NY (21/6/23) - details
   
2023 Jewish Heritage in Greece: A Historical Journey to Today: Romaniote and Sephardi Heritage online lecture for Roundtable by the 92Y in New York, NY (14/6/23) - details
   
2023
   
2023 A Journey to the Synagogues of Greece: Architecture, History and Memory' online lecture for the course of Prof. Fyllio Katsavounidou ' ' at the Dept. of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (27/4/23) - recording
   
2023 Sustainability: From Theory to Practice' keynote lecture at Green Campus Council at HIT, Israel (12/3/23) - recording
   
2022 Wasted. Wasted Not. Want not. In conversation with the curators of Waste not Want not project' panel discussion moderator with architect John Veikos and lighting consultant Anna Sbokou at The Architect Show Athens (10/12/22) - view
   
2022 What is Green? panel discussion introduction and moderator at The Architect Show Athens (10/12/22)
   
2022 Fast Forward: 2050; REUSE-SUSTAINABILITY: ' ' opening panel discussion with architect Maria Kaltsa opening The Architect Show Athens (10/12/22)
   
2022 . at the Dept. of Architecture of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (17/10/22) poster
   
2022 "The Restoration of the Yavanim Synagogue in Trikala" lecture at the re-dedication of the synagogue organized by The Jewish Community of Trikala and the Central Board of Jewish Communities of Greece at Synagogue Inauguration Ceremony, Tsitsanis Museum, Trikala (15/10/22) invitation
   
2022 ' ' . at the Dept. of Architecture of the University of Xanthi (11/10/22) article
   
2022 " : ; ." for 10 " " 22-24/9/22, , (22-24/9/22) - ISBN: 978-960-99838 - 9 - 1 | read | minutes (p.714)
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: A journey to the Past and Present: The Architecture of Greek synagogues" lecture part 3 in a series of three online lectures hosted by The Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America (22/9/22) - view recording in English - more on the lecture series
   
2022 "The Urban Planner in Jerusalem: Challenges and Opportunities" lecture, seminar and workshop hosted by the Community Center in Har Nof (22/9/22)
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: A journey of Synagogues" lecture at The Salonika and Greece Jewry Heritage Center In Memory of Leon Recanati (1890-1945) in Petah Tikvah (15/9/22) - about the exhibition opening and read
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: A journey to the Past and Present: The Sephardi tradition" lecture part 2 in a series of three online lectures hosted by The Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America (8/9/22) - view recording in English - more on the lecture series
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: A journey to the Past and Present: the Romaniote tradition" lecture part 1 in a series of three online lectures hosted by The Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America (1/9/22) - view recording in English - more on the lecture series
   
2022 Book Presentation in Aegina at the Eynardeio Court of the Public Kapodistrian Library of Aegina (28/4/22) View recording in Greek
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: Stories and Synagogues" lecture at the Greek Center of Jerusalem with Shimon Parnas (7/7/22)
   
2022 "Urban Planning and Public Participation prospects in Thessaloniki, Greece" panel discussion at PAREMVASI WEB TV online (28/4/22)
   
2022 "Jewish Greece: Synagogues before the Shoah and Today" lecture at the Greek Center of Jerusalem, Jerusalem (28/4/22)
   
2022
Book presentation in Athens (14/4/22) at the auditorium of Goethe Institute Athens, Omirou 14-16, Athens. Listen to recording in Greek
   
2022
Book presentation in Xanthi (13/4/22) at the Historic Museum of Xanthi, Antika 7, Xanthi. Greek | Listen to recording in Greek
   
2022
Book presentation in Thessaloniki (12/4/22) at the Monastirioton synagogue, Syngrou 35, Thessaloniki. Greek | English
 
2022
Book presentation in Kos (11/4/22) at the synagogue of Kos, Alex. Diakou 4, Kos. Greek | Watch event
   
2022 Elias Messinas and Ioanna Galanaki: "merging narratives-changing meanings: Greek Synagogues, Greek Jewish memory and Modern Greek identity - A view from the archaeological archives" Lecture at Hybrid Conference - State, Culture, Identities - Views from the Archaeological Archives at The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and The British School at Athens (2/4/22) more
   
2022 "Sustainable Thinking in the Urban Context in Jerusalem" Workshop for elementary schools at Gonnenim Innovation Hub, Jerusalem (22/3/22)
   
2022 "Examples of Public Participation in Ginot Hair in Jerusalem" Online seminar for Urban Planners, Jerusalem (20/1/22)
   
2022 " , ('Smart') " in " " 2030 by Ioannina Municipality and the University of Patras, Greece (10/1/22) more
   
2021 "The Greek Community in Jerusalem" Ginot Hair Community Council event at the Greek Community Center, Jerusalem (28/12/21)
   
2021 "Learnings from Glasgow COP26" speaker and moderator, The Architect Show 3, Metropolitan Expo, Athens (12/12/21)
   
2021 " " speaker and moderator, The Architect Show 3, Metropolitan Expo, Athens (12/12/21)
   
2021 " " panel speaker, The Architect Show 3, Metropolitan Expo, Athens (12/12/21)
   
2021 "Urban Planning in Jerusalem" Or Torah Stone, Ramot High School, at the Nature Museum Community Garden Center, Jerusalem (10/11/21)
   
2021 "Sustainable Urban Planning and Neighborhoods 360" Meytarim Community Center, Jerusalem (7/10/21)
   
2021 "Public Participation towards a Sustainable Solution for the Parthenon Marbles" at ECOWEEK 2021 in Aegina, Greece (3/9/21)
   
2021 "Sustainable Design and the Challenges of Seaside Communities" at ECOWEEK 2021 in Aegina, Greece (29/8/21)
   
2021 "Sustainable Design and the Challenges of Climate Crisis in Cities" at ECOWEEK 2021 at EU Green Week - online (5/6/21)
   
2021 "Circular Practices and the Human Scale in Design and Architecture" Moderator at speakers' panel with Jan Jongert (Superstudio) and Arch.Roni Daniel at Wizo Center, Haifa - online (5/5/21)
   
2021 "Sustainability and the Challenges of the Climate Crisis" at ECOWEEK 2021 in Rome - online (16/1/21)
   
2020 Social Sustainability & Tourism Facilities at Open Colloquium on Sustainability and Pandemia: Unlocking Green Tourism at Metropolitan College, Athens, Greece - online (12/6/20) - PR
   
2020 Introducing Circular Economy in Design at ECOWEEK 2020 Online 48-Hour Challenge - online (16/5/20)
   
2020 'Sustainability and Green Buildings at the Coronavirus era' Holon Institute of Technology - online (12/4/20)
   
2020 'The Preservation of the ancient mosaic of the Aegina Synagogue' Community Garden at the Nature Museum, Jerusalem (15/2/20)
   
2020 'Green Building Guidelines on Urban Planning' Forum of Regional and Community Planners, Jerusalem (4/1/20)
   
2019 'Public Participation in Jerusalem' Rotary Club, YMCA, Jerusalem (11/9/19)
   
2019 'A Narrative to Improve the Public Domain' Annual Conference of the Israel Green Building Council, Tel Aviv (10/9/19)
   
2019 'The Greek Synagogues: Research and Preservation of the mosaic of Aegina'' Archaeological Museum of Aegina, Aegina (11/9/19)
   
2019 'ECOWEEK 2019 in Israel - Opening remarks'' Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (1/9/19)
   
2019 'The Greek Synagogues: Research and Preservation of the mosaic of Aegina'' Archaeological Museum of Aegina, Aegina (7/8/19)
   
2019 'The Greek Synagogues: Research and Preservation of the mosaic of Aegina'' Greek Community Center, Jerusalem (17/7/19)
   
2019 'The Greek Synagogues: traveling through Jewish Greece' Ladino Studies Center, Bar Ilan University, Bar Ilan (18/6/19)
   
2019 'At Eye Level - Opening remarks at exhibition opening' Vitrina Gallery, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (13/5/19)
   
2019 'The Greek Community and Architecture of Greek Compound in Jerusalem' The Community Centers Association, Greek Community Center, Jerusalem (4/4/19)
   
2019 'A Journey of Secrets and Sketching in Greece: The experience of a Greek architect traveling through special places in Greece' Onassis Hellenic Studies Program, Haifa University, Haifa (27/3/19)
   
2019 'Public Participation: Dilemas and Examples' Bezalel Masters Program, Beth Hansen, Jerusalem (9/1/19)
   
2018 'The Greek Synagogues: before and after the Holocaust' Yad Vashem Course on Greek Holocaust, Yad Vashem, Givatayim (4/12/18)
   
2018 'The Greek Synagogues: 20 Years of Research and Preservation' Commemoration of Aaron Rousso, Beth Hatefutsoth, Tel Aviv (3/12/18)
   
2018 'The Greek Synagogues: Research and Preservation'' Recanati Center, Petah Tikvah (17/10/18)
   
2018 : 2018 " / " (31/5-3/6/18) more
   
2018 'The Greek Community and Architecture of Greek Compound in Jerusalem' Greek Community Center, Jerusalem (25/5/18)
   
2018 'Urban or Social renewal?' lecture at Planners' Conference in Jerusalem, Israel (15/3/18)
   
2017 ''Green Design Initiates Change' lecture at Holon Insitute of Technology 10X10 (with Israel GBC), Holon, Israel (21/11/17)
   
2017 ''Green Campus: The Next Step' lecture at Holon Insitute of Technology Green Council, Holon, Israel (29/12/17)
   
2017 Keynote address at 'Open Schools Open Societies' conference for OSOS EU Funded Program in Athens, Greece (20/10/17)
   
2017 'Waste Recycling and Public Awareness on Environmental Sustainability' at 'The Business of Energy' 2nd Kosovo Green Festival by USAID and Embassy of Sweden, Prishtina, Kosovo (20/9/17)
   
2017 Introduction of documentary 'An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power' pre-commercial screening in Jerusalem Cinemateque at ECOWEEK 2017 in Israel (12/9/17)
   
2017 Introduction of documentary 'An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power' pre-commercial screening in Lev Tel Aviv at the opening of ECOWEEK 2017 in Israel (10/9/17)
   
2017 Opening remarks at the opening of ECOWEEK 2017 'Placemaking with Sustainable Design Workshops & Interventions in Public Spaces' Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (10/9/17)
   
2017 Introduction of documentary 'An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power' Greek premiere at Olympion Cinema, Aegina, Greece (28/8/17)
   
2017 Lecture on Sustainable Design at ECOWEEK & 92Y 'Seven Days of Genius' at Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (7/3/17)
   
2017 Lecture on Sustainable Design at ECOWEEK & 92Y 'Seven Days of Genius' at JEST HUB, Jerusalem (8/3/17)
   
2017 Sustainability Workshop Introduction Opening lecture at the Lab-X workshops at the College of Management, Rishon, Israel (3/4/17)
   
2016 Sustainability and Public Initiatives in Israel and Abroad Keynote address at the College of Management, Rishon, Israel (5/12/16)
   
2016 Opening remarks at the opening of ECOWEEK 2016 'Placemaking in One Planet' in Tel Aviv, Israel co-organized with the Municipality of Bat Yam and the Jerusalem Development Authority (18/9) - more
   
2016 Opening remarks at the opening of ECOWEEK 2016 'Public Space and Tourism in One Planet' in Agios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece co-organized with the Municipality of Agios Nikolaos and Lasithi Prefecture (13/6) - more
   
2016 Opening remarks at Press Conference of ECOWEEK 2016 'Public Space and Tourism in One Planet' in Agios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece co-organized with the Municipality of Agios Nikolaos and Lasithi Prefecture (13/6) - more
   
2015 Small Design Big Learning: hands-on workshops and courses Keynote address at the opening of sustainable design workshop OPL@IUE at the Department of Architecture, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey (13/11) - more
   
2015 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2015 'Sustainable Intervention in Public Space' in Thessaloniki, Greece co-organized with AuTh Architecture and Landscape Architecture, and hosted by AKTO College (2/11) - more
   
2015 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2015 'Glocal Architecture' in Prishtina, Kosovo organized at the Architecture Department of Prishtina University (28/10) - more
   
2015 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2015 'Contemporary Archaeology' in Istanbul, Turkey organized by Yeditepe Unviersity School of Architeture and Association of Students (20/4) - more
   
2015 Learning by Doing Green: Architecture Students Can Make a Difference Keynote address at the opening of exhibition Birikim (Gatherings) marking the 10-year anniversary of the Department of Architecture, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey (27/3)
   
2015 Learning by Doing Green: Architecture Students Can Make a Difference at Department of Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey (27/2)
   
2015 Making a Difference by Learning and Doing Green at Jerusalem Rotary Club (28/1)
   
2014 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2014 in Prishtina, Kosovo organized at the Architecture Department of Prishtina University (12/10)
   
2014 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2014 in London, UK hosted at ARUP UK (14/9) - more
   
2014 Workshops on making and intervention in the city in Israel and abroad at Crafts Conference organized by Bezalel Academy (21/5) more
   
2014 Workshops on making an intervention for social justice in the city in Israel and abroad at ZEZEZE Gallery organized by the IL Green Building Council (23/4) more
   
2013 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2013 in Istanbul, Turkey organized by Mimar Sinan Fine Arts Univeristy Department of Architecture (18/11) - more
   
2013 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2013 in Krakow, Poland organized by Fundacja Miastotworcze (21/10) - more
   
2013 Keynote lecture at Zepellin Events in Bucharest, Romania (18/10)
   
2013 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2013 in Middle East: Green Design Architecture Urban Innovation organized by ECOWEEK in Israel & West Bank (3-8/3/13)
   
2012 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2012 : Green Design Architecture Urban Innovation organized by ECOWEEK in Belgrade, Serbia (26-30/11/12)
   
2012 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2012 : Urban Footprint + Affordable Communities + Green Design organized by ECOWEEK in Rome, Italy (24-30/9/12)
   
2012 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2012 : Reunion in Green District organized by ECOWEEK in Krakow, Poland (17-19/5/12)
   
2012 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2012 : Urban Innovation + Green Design organized by ECOWEEK in Thessaloniki, Greece (2-8/3/12)
   
2012 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2012 in Middle East: Urban Communities + Affordable Living + Green Design organized by ECOWEEK in Israel & West Bank (26/2-2/3/12)
   
2011 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2011: Urban Communities and Green Architecture organized by ECOWEEK in Athens, Greece (12-18/12/11)
   
2011 Keynote speaker at CP MILENIO in Granada, Spain (14/10/11) read
   
2011 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2011: Urban Communities and Green Architecture organized by ECOWEEK in Milano, Italy (12-18/9/11)
   
2011 Keynote speaker at "Hod Hasharon 'Green' City and Community" organized by the Munuicipality of Hod Hasharon, Hod Hasharon (6/4/11)
   
2011 Opening remarks at panel "Iconic Architectonic: Architecture and Visual Culture from the Middle East" organized by the Program "Crossroads" (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Greece), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Architecture, ECOWEEK, Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art & 3rd Biennale of Thessaloniki, and NOESIS Science Center and Technology Museum, Thessaloniki (31/3/11)
   
2011 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2011: Urban Communities and Green Architecture organized by ECOWEEK in Thessaloniki (28/3-3/4/11)
   
2010 & (Sustainable Communities & Green Architecture) Lecture at Conference "The Power of Creativity" at the Goethe Institut Thessaloniki, Greece (8/12/10)
   
2010 (Sustainable Design) Lecture at AKTO School of Design, Thessaloniki, Greece (8/12/10)
   
2010 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2010 in the Middle East: Green Architecture :: Community :: Sustainability organized by ECOWEEK in Israel & West Bank (25/7-1/8/10)
   
2010 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2010: Ecology+Community+Architecture organized by ECOWEEK in Athens, Greece (13-20/3/10)
   
2009
(Recycling in Buildings & Building in the desert) Lecture at the 5th Conference on Holistic Architecture and Ecological Building (organized by S.OL.AR.) at Serres, N. Greece (12-13/12/09)
   
2009 Green future - how? Greek challenges - Danish experiences - future solutions Lecture, discussion, and dialogue with the audience in English. Participants: Carsten Beck, Director of Research at Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies, and Elias Messinas, architect and founder of the international environmental NGO ECOWEEK. Danish Institute at Athens in cooperation with the Danish Embassy. (23/10/09)
   
2009 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2009: Ecology + Leadership + Architecture organized by ECOWEEK in Athens (31/3-6/409)
   
2009 Leadership and Social Enterpreneurship in Green Buildings Lecture at the Municipal Gathering No. 7 at Menashe Municipality (19/3/09)
   
2009 Green Building: Design, Technology, Initiatives & Education Lecture and opening remarks at the conference 'Green Civil Engineering' at the Sami Shamoon College co-organized by ECOWEEK in Beer Sheva (Israel) (23/2/09)
   
2009 Introduction to speaker Khee Po Lam at the Jerusalem Seminar organized by the Rothchild Foundation, at HaUma Congress Center, Jerusalem (26/1/09)
   
2008 Sustainable Buildings: Passive Solar Design & Ecological Building Panel lecture & Discussion at the CEO & CSR Conference at Hilton, Athens, organized by Eurocharity - participated also: Alexandros Tombazis (Meletitiki, Architect), Nikos Vitatzakis (Sol Energy) and George Kazatzopoulos (More than Green) - moderator Michael Spanos (Eurocharity) (28/5/08)
   
2008 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2008: Ecology+Environment+Architecture organized by ECOWEEK and the AIA Continental Europe in Athens (10-14/4/08)
   
2008 (Energy conserving initiative in residential buildings in Greece and abroad) Lecture at ECOTEC 08 trade show, EXPO Athens, Anthousa Athens (25/5/08)
   
2008 (Recycling on the Buildling Site) Lecture at the ECOWEEK Conference on Ecological Building at Larnaka, organized by ECOWEEK, the Municipality of Larnaka and MKC City College (17/5/08)
   
2008 Introduction of the screening of 'An Inconvenient Truth' at the Athens Summit 2008, at Athens Hilton, Athens (6/5/08)
   
2007 (Recycling for Buildings) Lecture at the STUDENT FESTIVAL ( ) seminar on Ecological Building organized by S.OL.AR. at Congress Center in Peristeri (11/12/07)
   
2007 (Recycling for Buildings) Lecture at the ECOFESTIVAL trade show seminar on Ecological Building organized by S.OL.AR. at HELEXPO in Athens (9/11/07)
   
2007 Remarks at Press Conference for Al Gore's lecture in Athens at the Athens Concert Hall, organized by Megaron Plus and ECOWEEK (13/6/07)
   
2006 (Recycling for Buildings) Lecture at the the Conference on Holistic Architecture and Ecological Building (organized by S.OL.AR.) in Hrakleio, Crete, Greece (3/6/06)
   
2006 (Recycling also for Buildings) Lecture at the the Conference on Holistic Architecture and Ecological Building (organized by S.OL.AR.) in Karditsa, Greece (17/3/06)
   
2007 Opening remarks at Robert Swan's lecture in Athens at the Benaki Museum, organized by ECOWEEK and the British Council (23/4/07)
   
2006 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2006 organized by ECOWEEK in Aegina (9-17/6/06)
   
2005 Recycling of Building Materials Lecture at the Conference on Holistic Architecture and Ecological Building (organized by S.OL.AR.) in Kefalonia, Greece (4/11/05)
   
2005 Opening remarks at ECOWEEK 2005 organized by ECOWEEK in Aegina (1-8/10/05)
   
2005 Opening remarks at ECOLOGICAL BUILDING SEMINAR organized by Association of Active Citizens of Aegina, in Aegina (11/6/05)
   
2004 Opening remarks at the planting ceremony and the inauguration of park 'Athens 2004' at Zur Moshe in Israel, a project initiated by the undersigned and Moshav Zur Moshe (6/2/04 & 9/7/04)
   
2002 Opening remarks at opening of exhibition "Images from Greece" at the Jerusalem Theater, Jerusalem (22/12/02)
   
2002 The Jewish Community and Synagogues of Athens
International Conference on Architecture and Culture
Mishkenot Shaananim and Jerusalem Foundation, Jerusalem (5/6/02)
   
2001 The Jewish Heritage of Greece Read more
University of Rhode Island
Cherry Auditorium of the Kirk Center for Advanced Technology
   
2000 The transition of Greek synagogues from the Ottoman to the European models: the example of Salonika
MJSA Annual Conference East Lansing, MI (18/9/00)
   
2000 Saving the Jewish heritage of Greece
Holocaust Memorial Center West Bloomfield, MI (18/9/00)
   
1999 The synagogues of Salonika: Destruction & Reconstruction
The Holocaust in Greece Series (USHMM) read more
Catholic University Architecture School Washington, DC (4/10/99)
   
1999 The synagogue and Jewish quarter of Veroia
World Bank Symposium on Sacred Places Washington, DC (6/5/99)
   
1999 The conservation program of the synagogue of Veroia
International Conference on Jewish Heritage Paris, France (27/1/99)
   
1998 Late synagogues of Greece: origins and architecture
Yale Judaic Studies Program Yale University, New Haven, CT (23/2/98)
   
1998 Late synagogues of Greece: the location of the bimah
Princeton Program in Hellenic Studies Princeton, NJ (18/2/98)
   
1997 The Synagogues of Greece: origins and architecture
Center for Jewish Art Hebrew University, Jerusalem (9/8/97)
   
1996 Greek Synagogues : survey and preservation
ICOMOS-Israel Jerusalem (11/12/96)
   
1995 Opening remarks at opening of exhibition "Travel Sketchbooks" at the Athens College Theater, Athens (1/2/95)
   
1995 Greek Synagogues: survey and preservation - the synagogue of Veroia
ICOMOS- Greece Athens - in collaboratioin with Liza Bensasson
   
1994 Greek Synagogues: survey and preservation - the synagogue of Veroia at Jewish Youth of Athens Seminar in Veroia
   
1993 Introduction to speaker Prof. Manolis Korres Columbia University, New York, organized by the undersigned, Onassis Foundation, and Columbia University (4/3/93)
   
1990 Opening remarks at opening of exhibition "Travel Sketchbooks" at the Yale Art & Architecture Building, New Haven, CT (8/8/90)